ЁЯТе рд░ोрд╢рдиी рдПрдХ्рдЯः рд╡िрднिрди्рди рдкрд╣рд▓ू - Drishti IAS https://www.drishtiias.com/hindi/burning-issues-of-the-month/roshni-act-various-aspects
https://youtu.be/HTcM4kOzL7U
ЁЯТе Supreme Court gave its verdict on the Union government’s 2019 move to amend Article 370 of the Constitution.
Key details:
- What did the Centre do in 2019?
- The abrogation ended the special status conferred to the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir.
- The Centre later moved to reorganise J&K into two Union Territories:
- Jammu and Kashmir and
- Ladakh.
- What did the Supreme Court (SC) rule on revocation of Article 370?
- The court held the Constitutional order that revoked Article 370 as valid.
- The SC held that Jammu and Kashmir held no internal sovereignty after accession to India.
- There was no prima facie case that the President’s 2019 orders were mala fide (in bad faith) or extraneous exercise of power.
- The court said the reorganisation of the erstwhile state into Union Territories in 2019 was a temporary move.
- It directed the Centre for the restoration of Jammu and Kashmir’s statehood and for Legislative Assembly elections to be held by 2024.
- It also recommended that a Truth and Reconciliation Commission should be set up in J&K, for an acknowledgement of the acts of alleged rights violations in the region.
What is a Truth and Reconciliation Commission?
- A Truth and Reconciliation Commission is also known as a ‘truth and justice commission’ or simply, a ‘truth commission’.
- It is an official mechanism to not just acknowledge, but also reveal, wrongdoings by a government (or sometimes non-state actors or combatants) so that conflicts of the past can be addressed and resolved.
- It has been defined as one that:
- is focused on the past, rather than in ongoing events;
- investigates a pattern of events that took place over a period of time;
- engages directly and broadly with the affected population, gathering information on their experiences;
- is a temporary body, with the aim of concluding with a final report; and
- is officially authorized or empowered by the state under review.
Key aspects of Supreme Court’s Article 370 verdict
- On the sovereignty of Jammu and Kashmir
- The petitioners had argued that J&K retained an element of sovereignty when it joined the Indian Union in 1947.
- This arrangement was distinct from the relationship with the other princely states that merged with India.
- The court examined the constitutional set-up of the erstwhile state to examine if it retained an element of sovereignty, which would allow Article 370 to operate in “unique circumstances”.
- The court held that constitutional provisions contradict the argument that an agreement of merger was necessary for Jammu and Kashmir to surrender its sovereignty.
- It noted that when Yuvraj Karan Singh issued the Proclamation adopting the Indian Constitution on November 25, 1949, it effectively had the effect of a merger like any other princely state.
- On whether Art 370 is temporary or permanent
- The CJI said that there were two aspects that showed the temporary nature of Article 370:
- First, it was intended as an interim arrangement until the Constituent Assembly of the State was formed since in the interim, there was needed a legal bridge between J&K and India.
- Once the J & K Constitution was enacted and it was adopted to be a part of India, this arrangement would not have been necessary.
- Second, the provision was adopted because of the special circumstances in the state, which was experiencing war conditions.
- First, it was intended as an interim arrangement until the Constituent Assembly of the State was formed since in the interim, there was needed a legal bridge between J&K and India.
- The CJI said that there were two aspects that showed the temporary nature of Article 370:
- On the legality of the abrogation of Article 370
- The legal route for the abrogation of Article 370 was twofold.
- First, on August 5, 2019, then President Ram Nath Kovind issued an order, which amended Article 367 of the Constitution.
- Article 367 deals with interpretation of the Constitution, and the order added a new meaning to “Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir” to mean “legislative assembly of Jammu and Kashmir.
- Then the Presidential Order was promulgated seeking the consent of Parliament (which had assumed powers of the J&K legislature) to recommend that “all clauses of the said article 370 shall cease to be operative”.
- First, on August 5, 2019, then President Ram Nath Kovind issued an order, which amended Article 367 of the Constitution.
- The Court held that the power under Article 370 (3) did not cease to exist upon the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir.
- When the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, only the transitional power recognised in the proviso to Article 370 (3) which empowered the Constituent Assembly to make its recommendations ceased to exist.
- It did not affect the power held by the President under Article 370(3).
- The legal route for the abrogation of Article 370 was twofold.
- On the action that was taken under President’s rule
- Here, the challenge was to the extent of powers that can be appropriated when Article 356 is in operation.
- The SC cited the 1994 ruling in S R Bommai v Union of India that defined the contours of proclamation of President’s rule.
- Relying on the Bommai ruling, the court said that the standard to decide the validity of the President’s action was to see whether it was not mala fide or palpably irrational, or that the advisability and necessity of the action was not borne in mind by the President.
- The ruling rejected the argument that irrevocable action being taken cannot be accepted as proof of mala fides.
- Restoration Of Statehood And Elections
- The top court said the reorganisation of the former state into Union Territories in 2019 was a temporary move.
- However, it upheld the carving out of Ladakh as a Union Territory.
- It ordered the Centre to restore statehood and called for elections by September 2024.
- Decision Of The Centre Can't Be Challenged
- The Supreme Court said every decision taken by the Union on behalf of the state during President's Rule is not open to challenge.
- The court rejected the argument of petitioners that the Union cannot take actions of irreversible consequences when the state is under President's Rule.
- Concurrence of State Government Not Required
- The Supreme Court stated that the presidential power in a state was valid and held that consultation and collaboration was not required to exercise this power and the concurrence of the state government was not required to apply all provisions of the Constitution using Article 370(1)(d).
- Thus, the President taking the concurrence of the Union Government was not mala fide and the views of the state legislature under Article 3 proviso was merely for reference.
About Article 370:
Enactment of Article 370:
- The original draft was given by the Government of J&K.
- Following modification and negotiations, Article 306A (now 370) was passed in the Constituent Assembly on May 27, 1949.
- It is the first article of Part XXI of the Constitution.
- The heading of this part is ‘Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions’.
- Article 370 could be interpreted as temporary in the sense that the J&K Constituent Assembly had a right to modify/delete/retain it and it decided to retain it.
- Another interpretation was that accession was temporary until a plebiscite.
- Interpretation of Supreme Court:
- The Supreme Court in 2018 said that despite the headnote using the word “temporary’, Article 370 is not temporary.
- In Sampat Prakash (1969) the SC refused to accept Article 370 as temporary.
- A five-judge Bench said that Article 370 has never ceased to be operative.
- Thus, it is a permanent provision.
Provisions of Article 370
- Power to Draft Constitution:
- Included in the Constitution in 1949, Article 370 exempts J&K from the Indian Constitution (except Article 1 and Article 370 itself) and permits the state to draft its own Constitution.
- Restrictions on the power of Parliament:
- It restricts Parliament’s legislative powers in respect of J&K.
- For extending a central law on subjects included in the Instrument of Accession (IoA), mere consultation with the state government is needed.
- But for extending it to other matters, concurrence of the state government is mandatory.
- Provisions for Princely states:
- For princely states, the Act provided for three options:
- to remain an independent country,
- join Dominion of India, or
- join Dominion of Pakistan
- This joining with either of the two countries was to be through an IoA.
- For princely states, the Act provided for three options:
- Terms included in the IoA for Kashmir
- The Instrument of Accession gave Parliament the power to legislate in respect of J&K only on:
- Defence,
- External Affairs and
- Communications.
Deletion of Article 370
- Article 370(3) permits deletion by a Presidential Order.
- Such an order, however, is to be preceded by the concurrence of J&K’s Constituent Assembly.
- Since such an Assembly was dissolved on January 26, 1957, one view is it cannot be deleted anymore.
- The other view is that it can be done, but only with the concurrence of the State Assembly.
Significance for the Indian Union
- Article 370 itself mentions Article 1, which includes J&K in the list of states.
- India has used Article 370 at least 45 times to extend provisions of the Indian Constitution to J&K.
- By the 1954 order, almost the entire Constitution was extended to J&K including most Constitutional amendments.
- Ninety-four of 97 entries in the Union List are applicable to J&K;
- 26 out of 47 items of the Concurrent List have been extended.;
- 260 of 395 Articles have been extended to the state, besides 7 of 12 Schedules.
- Article 356 was extended though a similar provision that was already in Article 92 of the J&K Constitution, which required that President’s Rule could be ordered only with the concurrence of the President.
- To change provisions for the Governor being elected by the Assembly, Article 370 was used to convert it into a nominee of the President.
Article 35A
- Article 35A stems from Article 370, having been introduced through a Presidential Order in 1954.
- Article 35A is unique in the sense that it does not appear in the main body of the Constitution but comes up in Appendix I.
- Article 35A empowers the J&K legislature to define the state’s permanent residents and their special rights and privileges.
Arguments in favour of Abrogation of Article 370
- Better relationship with Indians and Kashmir Population
- There is no distinct constitution for Indians and Kashmiris.
- After Article 370 is repealed, Kashmiris can work in the Indians’ newly established firms
- People of Kashmir will also benefit economically if they sell their lands to the Indians on a leasing basis.
- Private business owners can establish factories in Kashmir, creating jobs for Kashmiris and Indians.
- With the repeal of Article 370, all Kashmiris now have the right to education.
Arguments against the repeal of Article 370
- Many proclaim it as unconstitutional and it was compared to a dictatorship
- The people of Kashmir believe that their demands are being ignored.
- J&K no longer has the status of a state; instead, it is now considered to be union territory
Conclusion:
- The judgment is historic and may pave the way to resolving complex political and legal issues within constitutional parameters.
ЁЯТврд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдиे рд╕рд░्рд╡рд╕рдо्рдорддि рд╕े 2019 рдоें рдХेंрдж्рд░ рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдЕрдиुрдЪ्рдЫेрдж 370 рдХो рдиिрд░рд╕्рдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХो рдмрд░рдХрд░ाрд░ рд░рдЦा।
рдЕрдиुрдЪ्рдЫेрдж 370 рдХो рдиिрд░рд╕्рдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХो рдмрд░рдХрд░ाрд░ рд░рдЦрддे рд╣ुрдП, рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдиे рд╕ोрдорд╡ाрд░ рдХो рдПрд╕рдЖрд░ рдмोрдо्рдордИ рдмрдиाрдо рднाрд░рдд рд╕ंрдШ рдоाрдорд▓े рдоें рдЕрдкрдиे 1994 рдХे рдРрддिрд╣ाрд╕िрдХ рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдкрд░ рдмрд╣ुрдд рдЕрдзिрдХ рднрд░ोрд╕ा рдХिрдпा।
рдоाрдорд▓े рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें
рдмोрдо्рдордИ рдоें, рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдХी рдиौ-рди्рдпाрдпाрдзीрд╢ों рдХी рдкीрда рдиे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рдХी рдШोрд╖рдгा рдХी рд░ूрдкрд░ेрдЦा рдХो рдкрд░िрднाрд╖िрдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдХे рдЕрдиुрдЪ्рдЫेрдж 356 рдХी рд╡्рдпाрдЦ्рдпा рдХी।
рдЕрдиुрдЪ्рдЫेрдж 356 рдоें рд░ाрдЬ्рдпों рдоें рд╕ंрд╡ैрдзाрдиिрдХ рдорд╢ीрдирд░ी рдХी рд╡िрдлрд▓рддा рдХे рдоाрдорд▓े рдоें рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рд▓рдЧाрдиे рд╕рд╣िрдд рдк्рд░ाрд╡рдзाрди рд╢ाрдоिрд▓ рд╣ैं।
рдЬрдмрдХि рд╕рднी рдиौ рди्рдпाрдпाрдзीрд╢ों рдиे рд╕рд░्рд╡рд╕рдо्рдорддि рд╕े рдк्рд░ाрд╡рдзाрди рдХो рдмрд░рдХрд░ाрд░ рд░рдЦा, рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдиे рдлैрд╕рд▓ा рд╕ुрдиाрдпा рдХि рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдХा рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рди्рдпाрдпिрдХ рд╕рдоीрдХ्рд╖ा рдХे рдЕрдзीрди рд╣ोрдЧा।
рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рдХрдм рдФрд░ рдХैрд╕े рд▓рдЧाрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै, рдЗрд╕ рдкрд░ рдмोрдо्рдордИ рдЕрднी рднी рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдХाрдиूрди рд╣ै।
рдЗрд╕े рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрдЦंрдб (2016) рдФрд░ рдЕрд░ुрдгाрдЪрд▓ рдк्рд░рджेрд╢ (2016) рдоें рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рдХो рдЪुрдиौрддी рджेрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рд╣ाрд▓िрдпा рдоाрдорд▓ों рдоें рд▓ाрдЧू рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा рдеा, рдЬिрдирдоें рд╕े рджोрдиों рдХो рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдиे рдкрд▓рдЯ рджिрдпा рдеा।
рдкृрд╖्рдарднूрдоि
1989 рдоें рдХेंрдж्рд░ рдХी рдХांрдЧ्рд░ेрд╕ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдиे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рд▓рдЧाрдХрд░ рдЬрдирддा рджрд▓ рдХे рдиेрддृрдд्рд╡ рд╡ाрд▓ी рдХрд░्рдиाрдЯрдХ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдХो рдмрд░्рдЦाрд╕्рдд рдХрд░ рджिрдпा।
рдоुрдЦ्рдпрдоंрдд्рд░ी рдПрд╕рдЖрд░ рдмोрдо्рдордИ рдХी рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд╕े рд╕рдорд░्рдерди рд╡ाрдкрд╕ рд▓ेрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рд╡िрдзाрдпрдХों рд╕े рдХрдеिрдд рддौрд░ рдкрд░ 19 рдкрдд्рд░ рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рд╣ोрдиे рдХे рдмाрдж, рдХрд░्рдиाрдЯрдХ рдХे рддрдд्рдХाрд▓ीрди рд░ाрдЬ्рдпрдкाрд▓ рдкी рд╡ेंрдХрдЯрд╕ुрдм्рдмैрдпा рдиे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╕े рд╕िрдлाрд░िрд╢ рдХी рдХि рд╡рд╣ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдХा рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рди рдЕрдкрдиे рд╣ाрде рдоें рд▓े рд▓ें।
рдЙрди्рд╣ोंрдиे рджो рдХाрд░рдг рдЧिрдиाрдпे.
рдкрд╣рд▓ा, рдмोрдо्рдордИ рдХे рдкाрд╕ рдмрд╣ुрдордд рдирд╣ीं рдеा рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рд▓िрдП рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдХे рддрд╣рдд рдЙрдирдХा рдкрдж рдкрд░ рдмрдиे рд░рд╣рдиा рдЕрдиुрдЪिрдд рдеा।
рджूрд╕рд░ा, рдХोрдИ рдЕрди्рдп рд░ाрдЬрдиीрддिрдХ рджрд▓ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдмрдиाрдиे рдХी рд╕्рдеिрддि рдоें рдирд╣ीं рдеा।
рдмाрдж рдоें рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдХे рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдоें рдХрд╣ा рдЧрдпा рдХि рд░ाрдЬ्рдпрдкाрд▓ рдиे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдХो рдЕрдкрдиी рд░िрдкोрд░्рдЯ рджेрдиे рд╕े рдкрд╣рд▓े рдоुрдЦ्рдпрдоंрдд्рд░ी рдХे рд╡िрдЪाрд░ рдХा рдкрддा рдирд╣ीं рд▓рдЧाрдпा।
19 рдоें рд╕े 7 рд╡िрдзाрдпрдХों рдиे рд╢िрдХाрдпрдд рдХी рдХि рдЙрдкрд░ोрдХ्рдд рдкрдд्рд░ों рдкрд░ рдЙрдирдХे рд╣рд╕्рддाрдХ्рд╖рд░ рдЧрд▓рдд рдмрдпाрдиी рдХрд░рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЧрдП рд╣ैं.
рдЗрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░, рдмрд░्рдЦाрд╕्рдд рдоुрдЦ्рдпрдоंрдд्рд░ी рдиे рдХрд░्рдиाрдЯрдХ рдЙрдЪ्рдЪ рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдХा рд░ुрдЦ рдХिрдпा, рдЬिрд╕рдиे рдХेंрдж्рд░ рдХे рдЦिрд▓ाрдл рдЙрдирдХी рдЪुрдиौрддी рдХो рдЦाрд░िрдЬ рдХрд░ рджिрдпा।
рдлिрд░, рд╢ीрд░्рд╖ рдЕрджाрд▓рдд рдоें рдЕрдкीрд▓ рдкрд░ рдиौ рди्рдпाрдпाрдзीрд╢ों рдХी рдкीрда рдХा рдЧрдарди рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा।
рдиिрд░्рдгрдп
рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдиे рд╕рд░्рд╡рд╕рдо्рдорддि рд╕े рдХрд╣ा рдХि рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдХी рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा рдЕрд╡ैрдзрддा, рджुрд░्рднाрд╡рдиा, рдмाрд╣рд░ी рд╡िрдЪाрд░, рд╢рдХ्рддि рдХा рджुрд░ुрдкрдпोрдЧ рдпा рдзोрдЦाрдзрдб़ी рдХे рдЖрдзाрд░ рдкрд░ рди्рдпाрдпिрдХ рд╕рдоीрдХ्рд╖ा рдХे рдЕрдзीрди рд╣ो рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ै।
рд╣ाрд▓ाँрдХि рдЗрд╕ рдоुрдж्рджे рдкрд░ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдХे рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдкрд░рдХ рдоूрд▓्рдпांрдХрди рдХी рдЬाँрдЪ рдирд╣ीं рдХी рдЬा рд╕рдХрддी, рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдиे рдХрд╣ा рдХि рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рд▓ेрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЬिрд╕ рд╕ाрдордЧ्рд░ी рдкрд░ рднрд░ोрд╕ा рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै рдЙрд╕рдХी рд╕рдоीрдХ्рд╖ा рдХी рдЬा рд╕рдХрддी рд╣ै।
рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдиे рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рд▓рдЧाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рд╕ंрд╕рджीрдп рдЕрдиुрдоोрджрди рдХो рднी рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдмрдиा рджिрдпा।
рд╕ंрд╕рдж рдХे рджोрдиों рд╕рджрдиों рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा рдХो рдоंрдЬूрд░ी рдоिрд▓рдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рд╣ी рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдЕрдкрдиी рд╢рдХ्рддि рдХा рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।
рддрдм рддрдХ, рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдХेрд╡рд▓ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╡िрдзाрдирдоंрдбрд▓ рдХो рдиिрд▓ंрдмिрдд рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддा рд╣ै।
рдпрджि рд╕ंрд╕рдж рджो рдорд╣ीрдиे рдХे рднीрддрд░ рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा рдХो рдоंрдЬूрд░ी рдирд╣ीं рджेрддी рд╣ै, рддो рдмрд░्рдЦाрд╕्рдд рдХी рдЧрдИ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд╕्рд╡рддः рд╣ी рдкुрдирд░्рдЬीрд╡िрдд рд╣ो рдЬाрдПрдЧी।
рдмोрдо्рдордИ рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдХे рдмाрдж рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рд▓рдЧाрдиे рдоें рднाрд░ी рдХрдоी рдЖрдИ।
рдЬрдирд╡рд░ी 1950 рд╕े рдоाрд░्рдЪ 1994 рдХे рдмीрдЪ 100 рдмाрд░ рдпा рд╕ाрд▓ рдоें рдФрд╕рддрди 2.5 рдмाрд░ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рд▓рдЧाрдпा рдЧрдпा।
1995 рд╕े 2021 рдХे рдмीрдЪ рдЗрд╕े рд╕िрд░्рдл 29 рдмाрд░ рдпा рд╕ाрд▓ рдоें рдПрдХ рд╕े рдеोрдб़ा рдЬ्рдпाрджा рдмाрд░ рд▓рдЧाрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै.
рдХрд╢्рдоीрд░ рд╕ंрджрд░्рдн
рдЗрд╕рдоें рд╢ाрдоिрд▓ рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдк्рд░рд╢्рди:
рдХ्рдпा рдЕрдиुрдЪ्рдЫेрдж 370 рдХो рддрдм рд╣рдЯाрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХрддा рдеा рдЬрдм рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рдХे рдЕрдзीрди рдеा।
рдкूрд░्рд╡рд╡рд░्рддी рд░ाрдЬ्рдп 2018 рд╕े рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рд╢ाрд╕рди рдХे рдЕрдзीрди рдеा, рдФрд░ рдЕрджाрд▓рдд рдХे рд╕ाрдордиे рд╕рд╡ाрд▓ рдпрд╣ рдеा рдХि рдХ्рдпा рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдЬрдо्рдоू-рдХрд╢्рдоीрд░ рдХी рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖ рд╕्рдеिрддि рдХो рд░рдж्рдж рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рд╕рд╣рдорддि рджे рд╕рдХрддे рд╣ैं।
рдпрд╣ां, рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдиे рдмोрдо्рдордИ рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдкрд░ рднрд░ोрд╕ा рдХрд░рддे рд╣ुрдП рдХрд╣ा рдХि рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдХे рдХाрд░्рдп рд╕ंрд╡ैрдзाрдиिрдХ рд░ूрдк рд╕े рд╡ैрдз рд╣ैं।
рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдиे рдХрд╣ा рдХि рдмोрдо्рдордИ рдлैрд╕рд▓े рдоें рдХрд╣ा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै рдХि рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा рдЬाрд░ी рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдХी рдЧрдИ рдХाрд░्рд░рд╡ाрдИ рди्рдпाрдпिрдХ рд╕рдоीрдХ्рд╖ा рдХे рдЕрдзीрди рд╣ै।
рди्рдпाрдпाрд▓рдп рдиे рджो рдоाрдирдХों рдХा рд╣рд╡ाрд▓ा рджिрдпा:
рди्рдпाрдпрдоूрд░्рддि рдкीрдмी рд╕ाрд╡ंрдд рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдПрдХ рдЬрд╣ां рдЕрджाрд▓рдд рдиे рдпрд╣ рдоाрдирдХ рдиिрд░्рдзाрд░िрдд рдХिрдпा рдеा рдХि рдХ्рдпा рд╢рдХ्рддि рдХा рдк्рд░рдпोрдЧ рджुрд░्рднाрд╡рдиाрдкूрд░्рдг рдеा рдпा рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рд░ूрдк рд╕े рддрд░्рдХрд╣ीрди рдеा, рдФрд░
рди्рдпाрдпрдоूрд░्рддि рд░ेрдб्рдбी рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдПрдХ рдФрд░ рдЬрд╣ां рдпрд╣ рджेрдЦा рдЧрдпा рдеा рдХि рдХाрд░्рд░рд╡ाрдИ рдХी рдЙрдкрдпुрдХ्рддрддा рдФрд░ рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХрддा рдХो рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдз्рдпाрди рдоें рд░рдЦा рдЬाрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП।
рдоुрдЦ्рдп рд╡िрд╡рд░рдг:
рди्рдпाрдпрдоूрд░्рддि рд╕ंрдЬрдп рдХौрд▓ рдиे рдЕрдкрдиी рд░ाрдп рдоें, рдЬрдо्рдоू-рдХрд╢्рдоीрд░ рдоें рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдФрд░ рдЧैрд░-рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рджोрдиों рдЕрднिрдиेрддाрдУं рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдоाрдирд╡ाрдзिрдХाрд░ों рдХे рдХрдеिрдд рдЙрд▓्рд▓ंрдШрди рдХी рдЬांрдЪ рдХे рд▓िрдП рдПрдХ рд╕рдд्рдп рдФрд░ рд╕ुрд▓рд╣ рдЖрдпोрдЧ рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рд╕िрдлाрд░िрд╢ рдХी।
рдпрд╣ рд╕ंрд╡ाрдж рдкрд░ рдЖрдзाрд░िрдд рд╣ोрдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП рди рдХि рдлौрдЬрджाрд░ी рдЕрджाрд▓рдд рдмрдирдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдП।'
рд╕рдд्рдп рдФрд░ рд╕ुрд▓рд╣ рдЖрдпोрдЧ рдХ्рдпा рд╣ै?Truth and Reconciliation Commission
рд╕рдд्рдп рдФрд░ рд╕ुрд▓рд╣ рдЖрдпोрдЧ рдХो 'рд╕рдд्рдп рдФрд░ рди्рдпाрдп рдЖрдпोрдЧ' рдпा рд╕ीрдзे рддौрд░ рдкрд░ 'рд╕рдЪ्рдЪाрдИ рдЖрдпोрдЧ' рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рднी рдЬाрдиा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै।
рдпрд╣ рдХिрд╕ी рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ (рдпा рдХрднी-рдХрднी рдЧैрд░-рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЕрднिрдиेрддाрдУं рдпा рд▓рдб़ाрдХों) рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдХिрдП рдЧрдП рдЧрд▓рдд рдХाрд░्рдпों рдХो рди рдХेрд╡рд▓ рд╕्рд╡ीрдХाрд░ рдХрд░рдиे, рдмрд▓्рдХि рдк्рд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рдПрдХ рдЖрдзिрдХाрд░िрдХ рддंрдд्рд░ рд╣ै рддाрдХि рдЕрддीрдд рдХे рд╕ंрдШрд░्рд╖ों рдХो рд╕ंрдмोрдзिрдд рдФрд░ рд╣рд▓ рдХिрдпा рдЬा рд╕рдХे।
рдЗрд╕े рдЗрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдкрд░िрднाрд╖िрдд рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै рдХि:
рдЪрд▓ рд░рд╣ी рдШрдЯрдиाрдУं рдХे рдмрдЬाрдп рдЕрддीрдд рдкрд░ рдз्рдпाрди рдХेंрдж्рд░िрдд рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै;
рдПрдХ рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рдЕрд╡рдзि рдоें рдШрдЯिрдд рдШрдЯрдиाрдУं рдХे рдкैрдЯрд░्рди рдХी рдЬांрдЪ рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै;
рдк्рд░рднाрд╡िрдд рдЖрдмाрджी рдХे рд╕ाрде рд╕ीрдзे рдФрд░ рд╡्рдпाрдкрдХ рд░ूрдк рд╕े рдЬुрдб़рддा рд╣ै, рдЙрдирдХे рдЕрдиुрднрд╡ों рдХे рдмाрд░े рдоें рдЬाрдирдХाрд░ी рдПрдХрдд्рд░ рдХрд░рддा рд╣ै;
рдПрдХ рдЕрд╕्рдеाрдпी рдиिрдХाрдп рд╣ै, рдЬिрд╕рдХा рд▓рдХ्рд╖्рдп рдЕंрддिрдо рд░िрдкोрд░्рдЯ рдХे рд╕ाрде рдиिрд╖्рдХрд░्рд╖ рдиिрдХाрд▓рдиा рд╣ै; рдФрд░
рд╕рдоीрдХ्рд╖ाрдзीрди рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдЖрдзिрдХाрд░िрдХ рддौрд░ рдкрд░ рдЕрдзिрдХृрдд рдпा рд╕рд╢рдХ्рдд рд╣ै।
рдЕрддीрдд рдоें рдХिрди рджेрд╢ों рдоें рдРрд╕े рдЖрдпोрдЧ рд░рд╣े рд╣ैं?
рджो рд╕рдмрд╕े рдк्рд░рд╕िрдж्рдз рдФрд░ рд╕рдмрд╕े рдкрд░िрдгाрдоी рдЖрдпोрдЧ рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг рдЕрдл्рд░ीрдХा, рдСрд╕्рдЯ्рд░ेрд▓िрдпा рдФрд░ рдХрдиाрдбा рдоें рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдЖрдпोрдЧ рдоाрдиे рдЬाрддे рд╣ैं।
рднाрд░рдд рдХे рдкрдб़ोрд╕ рдоें рд╢्рд░ीрд▓ंрдХा рдФрд░ рдиेрдкाрд▓ рдоें рд╕рдд्рдп рдЖрдпोрдЧ рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдХिрдпे рдЧрдпे рд╣ैं।
рдХрдиाрдбाрдИ рд╕рдд्рдп рдФрд░ рд╕ुрд▓рд╣ рдЖрдпोрдЧ (рдЯीрдЖрд░рд╕ी) рдиे рднाрд░рддीрдп рдЖрд╡ाрд╕ीрдп рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд▓рдп рдк्рд░рдгाрд▓ी рдХी рд╡िрд░ाрд╕рдд рд╕े рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдпा рдЕрдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рд░ूрдк рд╕े рдк्рд░рднाрд╡िрдд рд▓ोрдЧों рдХो рд╕рд╣ाрдпрддा рдк्рд░рджाрди рдХी।
рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 150,000 рд╕्рд╡рджेрд╢ी рдмрдЪ्рдЪों рдХो рдЖрд╡ाрд╕ीрдп рд╡िрдж्рдпाрд▓рдпों рдоें рдЬाрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдП рдЙрдирдХे рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ों рдФрд░ рд╕рдоुрджाрдпों рд╕े рд╣рдЯा рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा - рдЙрди्рд╣ें рдЕрдкрдиी рдХрд╣ाрдиिрдпाँ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиुрднрд╡ рд╕ाрдЭा рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ рдоिрд▓ा।
рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг рдЕрдл्рд░ीрдХा рдоें, рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░рдкрддि рдиेрд▓्рд╕рди рдоंрдбेрд▓ा рдХी рд░ंрдЧрднेрдж рдХे рдмाрдж рдХी рдкрд╣рд▓ी рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдиे рд░ंрдЧрднेрдж рдХे рджрд╢рдХों рдХे рджौрд░ाрди рдоाрдирд╡ाрдзिрдХाрд░ों рдХे рдЙрд▓्рд▓ंрдШрди рдХी рд╕рдЪ्рдЪाрдИ рдХो рдЙрдЬाрдЧрд░ рдХрд░рдиे, рдФрд░ рджेрд╢ рдХो рдаीрдХ рдХрд░рдиे рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрдиे рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рдХे рд╕ाрде рд╕ाрдоंрдЬрд╕्рдп рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢्рдп рд╕े 1995 рдоें рдПрдХ рдЯीрдЖрд░рд╕ी рдХी рд╕्рдеाрдкрдиा рдХी।
рд╡िрд╖рдп 6 : рдХрд░्рдг рд╕िंрд╣ рдХी 1949 рдХी рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा
рдЪрд░्рдЪा рдоें рдХ्рдпों: рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдХे рдЕрдиुрдЪ्рдЫेрдж 370 рдХो рдиिрд░рд╕्рдд рдХрд░рдиे рдХो рдмрд░рдХрд░ाрд░ рд░рдЦрддे рд╣ुрдП, рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдиे рдпाрдж рджिрд▓ाрдпा рдХि рдирд╡ंрдмрд░ 1949 рдоें, рдЬрдо्рдоू-рдХрд╢्рдоीрд░ рдХे рд╕िंрд╣ाрд╕рди рдХे рдЙрдд्рддрд░ाрдзिрдХाрд░ी рдпुрд╡рд░ाрдЬ рдХрд░рдг рд╕िंрд╣ рдиे рдПрдХ рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा рдЬाрд░ी рдХी рдеी рдЬो рдкूрд░्рдг рдФрд░ рдЕंрддिрдо рдЖрдд्рдорд╕рдорд░्рдкрдг рдХो рджрд░्рд╢ाрддी рдеी। J&K's] рднाрд░рдд рдХी рд╕ंрдк्рд░рднुрддा।
рдХрд░्рдг рд╕िंрд╣ рдХी рдШोрд╖рдгा рдХ्рдпा рдеी?
рдХрд░рдг рд╕िंрд╣ рдХी рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा рдоें рдХрд╣ा рдЧрдпा рдХि рднाрд░рдд рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдЕрдзिрдиिрдпрдо, 1935, рдЬो рддрдм рддрдХ рдЬрдо्рдоू-рдХрд╢्рдоीрд░ рдФрд░ рднाрд░рдд рдХे рдк्рд░рднुрдд्рд╡ рдХे рдмीрдЪ рд╕ंрд╡ैрдзाрдиिрдХ рд╕ंрдмंрдзों рдХो рдиिрдпंрдд्рд░िрдд рдХрд░рддा рдеा, рдиिрд░рд╕्рдд рдХрд░ рджिрдпा рдЬाрдПрдЧा।
рдЗрд╕рдоें рдХрд╣ा рдЧрдпा рдХि рднाрд░рдд рдХा рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдЗрд╕ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдФрд░ рднाрд░рдд рд╕ंрдШ рдХे рдмीрдЪ рд╕ंрд╡ैрдзाрдиिрдХ рд╕ंрдмंрдзों рдХो рдиिрдпंрдд्рд░िрдд рдХрд░ेрдЧा рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рдХे рдк्рд░ाрд╡рдзाрдиों рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдЗрд╕ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдоें рд▓ाрдЧू рдХिрдпा рдЬाрдПрдЧा।
рдЙрдХ्рдд рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдХे рдк्рд░ाрд╡рдзाрди, рдЗрд╕рдХे рдк्рд░ाрд░ंрдн рдХी рддाрд░ीрдЦ рд╕े, рдЕрди्рдп рд╕рднी рдЕрд╕ंрдЧрдд рд╕ंрд╡ैрдзाрдиिрдХ рдк्рд░ाрд╡рдзाрдиों рдХो рдк्рд░рддिрд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдФрд░ рдиिрд░рд╕्рдд рдХрд░ рджेंрдЧे рдЬो рд╡рд░्рддрдоाрди рдоें рдЗрд╕ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдоें рд▓ाрдЧू рд╣ैं।
рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा рдХी рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХрддा:
рдХрд░рдг рд╕िंрд╣ рдХे рдкिрддा рд╣рд░ि рд╕िंрд╣ рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рд╡िрд▓рдп рдкрдд्рд░ (рдЖрдИрдУрдП) рдкрд░ рд╣рд╕्рддाрдХ्рд╖рд░ рдХрд░рдиे рдХे рдмाрдж рдпрд╣ рдЕрд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯрддा рдЦрдд्рдо рд╣ो рдЧрдИ рдХि рдЬрдо्рдоू-рдХрд╢्рдоीрд░ рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдЕрднिрди्рди рдЕंрдЧ рдмрди рдЧрдпा рдпा рдирд╣ीं।
IoA рд╡рд╣ рдХाрдиूрдиी рджрд╕्рддाрд╡ेрдЬ़ рд╣ै рдЬिрд╕рдиे рдЬрдо्рдоू-рдХрд╢्рдоीрд░ рдХे рднाрд░рдд рдоें рд╡िрд▓рдп рдХो рдЕंрддिрдо рд░ूрдк рджिрдпा।
рд╕ुрдк्рд░ीрдо рдХोрд░्рдЯ рдХा рдлैрд╕рд▓ा рдХेंрдж्рд░ рдиे рд╕ुрдирд╡ाрдИ рдХे рджौрд░ाрди рдЬो рддрд░्рдХ рджिрдпा рдеा, рдЙрд╕рдХे рдЕрдиुрд░ूрдк рд╣ै।
рдХेंрдж्рд░ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рдиे рдХрд╣ा рдеा рдХि 1949 рдХी рдЙрдж्рдШोрд╖рдгा рдоें рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕ंрд╡िрдзाрди рдХी рд╕рд░्рд╡ोрдЪ्рдЪрддा рдХो рд╕्рд╡ीрдХाрд░ рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा рдФрд░ рд╕ंрдк्рд░рднुрддा рдХो рдЙрд╕рдХे рд╣рд╡ाрд▓े рдХрд░ рджिрдпा рдЧрдпा, рдЬрд╣ां рд╕ंрдк्рд░рднु 'рд╣рдо рднाрд░рдд рдХे рд▓ोрдЧ' рдеे।
ЁЯТвFederalism in Indian Polity (vajiramandravi.com)
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