Public-private partnerships (PPPs)

💢आयोग 'विकसित भारत @2047' का खाका तैयार करने के लिए क्षेत्रीय समूहों के सचिवों की रिपोर्टों को सुसंगत बनाने के अंतिम चरण में है।

 

विज़न@2047 के बारे में:

यह एक महत्वाकांक्षी विज़न दस्तावेज़ है जिसका लक्ष्य 2047 तक भारत को 30 ट्रिलियन डॉलर की विकसित अर्थव्यवस्था बनाना है।

यह अगले 25 वर्षों में भारत के विकास का खाका तैयार करने के लिए नीति आयोग द्वारा शुरू की गई एक परियोजना है।

इसका लक्ष्य भारत बनाना है:

नवाचार और प्रौद्योगिकी में एक वैश्विक नेता,

मानव विकास और सामाजिक कल्याण का एक मॉडल, और

पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता का चैंपियन।

यह दृष्टिकोण इस विचार पर टिका है कि भारत अगले 25 वर्षों में अपनी स्वतंत्रता के बाद की अधिकांश समस्याओं से सफलतापूर्वक निपट लेगा, और उसे विभिन्न प्रकार की चुनौतियों से पार पाने की आवश्यकता होगी:

एक मध्यम-आय जाल, जहां देश की प्रति व्यक्ति आय $5,000-6,000 के आसपास स्थिर हो सकती है,

आर्थिक विकास में मंदी.

इस दृष्टिकोण में विकास के विभिन्न पहलू शामिल हैं, जिनमें शामिल हैं:

आर्थिक विकास,

सामाजिक प्रगति,

पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता, और

सुशासन।

💥Deeper version of democracy

💥Vivek Maru is the founder of Namati, a movement for legal empowerment around the world powered by cadres of grassroots legal advocates.

विवेक मारू: लोगों के हाथ में कानून की ताकत कैसे दें

https://youtu.be/ZzugJPASNB8?si=9pI3MA5BBS-sscXc

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) involve collaboration between a government agency and a private-sector company that can be used to finance, build, and operate projects1. These partnerships work well when private sector technology and innovation combine with public sector incentives to complete work on time and within budget1.

Here’s how PPPs work: A city government, for example, might be heavily indebted and unable to undertake a capital-intensive building project, but a private enterprise might be interested in funding its construction in exchange for receiving the operating profits once the project is complete1. Public-private partnerships typically have contract periods of 20 to 30 years or longer1. Financing comes partly from the private sector but requires payments from the public sector and/or users over the project’s lifetime1.

The risks are distributed between the public and private partners through a process of negotiation, ideally though not always according to the ability of each to assess, control, and cope with them1. Although public works and services may be paid for through a fee from the public authority’s revenue budget, such as with hospital projects, concessions may involve the right to direct users’ payments—for example, with toll highways1.

In India, for instance, the NITI Aayog is actively working towards deepening the reach of public-private partnerships as the preferred mode for the implementation of infrastructure projects. It seeks to create timebound world-class infrastructure and attract private sector and institutional capital in infrastructure2.

अधिक जानें:

1. investopedia.com2. niti.gov.in3. pppinindia.gov.in

Here are some examples of successful privatization:

Air India: The loss-making national carrier Air India was sold to the Tatas, marking a landmark divestment1.

Argentina’s Major Privatization Program: Argentina launched a major privatization program that included the sale of its telephone monopoly, national airline, and petrochemical company for more than $2.1 billion2.

Mexico’s Public Sector Reduction: Mexico’s aggressive efforts to reduce the size and operating cost of the public sector have resulted in proceeds of $2.4 billion2.

Dell Inc.: Dell Inc. is an example of a company that transitioned from being publicly traded to privately held3.

Various Services: Some examples of services that have been privatized include airport operation, data processing, vehicle maintenance, corrections, water and wastewater utilities, and waste collection and disposal4.

These examples show that privatization can lead to increased efficiency, improved services, and significant revenue generation.

अधिक जानें:

1. livemint.com2. hbr.org3. investopedia.com4. cgfa.ilga.gov

Here are some examples of failed privatization:

Health Care in the US: The private health care system in the US is by far the most expensive system in the developed world1. The price of common surgeries is anywhere from three to ten times higher in the U.S. than in Great Britain, Canada, France, or Germany1.

Water Privatization: A 2009 analysis of water and sewer utilities by Food and Water Watch found that private companies charge up to 80 percent more for water and 100 percent more for sewer services1. Numerous examples of water privatization abuses or failures have been documented in California, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, Texas, Massachusetts, Rhode Island – just about anywhere it’s been tried1.

BT and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI): Since privatization, more than 100,000 jobs have been lost at BT2. The restructuring of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) – the result of an industry being left increasingly to its own devices by the government – led to the loss of 15,000 jobs in Teesside2.

These examples show that while privatization can lead to increased efficiency and improved services, it can also result in job losses, increased costs for consumers, and other negative outcomes.

अधिक जानें:

1. commondreams.org2. theguardian.com3. academic.oup.com4. weownit.org.uk5. globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com6. doi.org

How to Prevent Privatization - AFSCME at Work
how, stop, privatization
Educate decision makers, the media and the community about the problems of privatization.

Build Your Union's Capacity. ...

Watch Out for Warning Signs. ...

Raise the Bar for Private Companies that Provide.

Develop Allies in the Community and Keep the Public.

Educate Decision-Makers, the Media and Community.

Make a Plan.

Take Legislative and Legal ActionHearings offer an important forum for making the case against privatization. And supporting the legislation can mobilize members and the community. Legal action can also help stop bad privatization deals and expose information that may not otherwise be available.
Stopping privatization can be a complex process and may involve several strategies. Here are some ways that have been suggested or used:

Renew Commitment to Public Services: One approach is to renew our commitment to public services. This involves managing resources as a common good, not a profit center, and providing services as a public service, not a business1.

Public Awareness and Activism: Raising public awareness about the impacts of privatization and mobilizing citizens against it can be effective. For instance, the Ontario Health Coalition held a citizen-run referendum on the Ontario government’s plan to privatize public hospital services. More than 400,000 people voted and 99% voted to stop the privatization2.

Political Action: Pushing political parties to make commitments to safeguard public services, stop privatization, and address urgent needs to improve care and staffing can be another strategy3.

Regulation: Governments can enact laws and regulations that limit or prevent privatization.

Remember, the specific strategies may vary depending on the context and the specific public service being considered for privatization.
अधिक जानें:

1. foodandwaterwatch.org2. publichospitalvote.ca3. ontariohealthcoalition.ca4. economicshelp.org5. investopedia.com

Privatization can have several advantages:

Improved Efficiency: Private companies often have a profit incentive to cut costs and be more efficient1. Since privatization, companies such as BT, and British Airways have shown degrees of improved efficiency and higher profitability1.

Lack of Political Interference: Governments may make poor economic managers as they are often motivated by political pressures rather than sound economic and business sense1.

Short Term View: Governments may think only in terms of the next election, therefore, they may be unwilling to invest in infrastructure improvements which will benefit the firm in the long term1.

Shareholders: A private firm has pressure from shareholders to perform efficiently1.

Increased Competition: Often privatization of state-owned monopolies occurs alongside deregulation – i.e., policies to allow more firms to enter the industry and increase the competitiveness of the market1.

Government Revenue: The government will raise revenue from the sale1.

Eradication of Poverty through Employment: Privatization can lead to more employment opportunities, which can help reduce poverty2.

Salary and Incentives: The private sector is driven by profit; therefore managers in private organizations have an incentive to cut costs and motivate their employees to be more efficient if they want better incentives2.

Remember, the specific benefits may vary depending on the context and the specific public service being considered for privatization.
अधिक जानें:

1. economicshelp.org2. myayan.com3. byjus.com4. pc.go.ke5. environmental-conscience.com
Governments opt for privatization for several reasons:

Efficiency Gains: When firms are privately owned, there is a greater profit incentive to increase efficiency1. This can lead to better services and customer support2.

No Political Interference: Privatization reduces the state’s interference in the activities of a company3. In the private sector, there is a pre-commitment by the government not to interfere for political reasons1.

Increased Share Ownership: Privatization can lead to an increase in share ownership1.

Raise Revenue for the Government: Privatization helps to raise revenues for the Government2. This can be particularly beneficial in times of budget deficits2.

Increased Competition: Privatization often occurs alongside deregulation, allowing more firms to enter the industry and increase market competitiveness1.

Economic Democracy: Privatization dilutes state monopoly and allows private companies to participate in economic activities more democratically3.

Remember, the specific reasons may vary depending on the context and the specific public service being considered for privatization.
अधिक जानें:

1. economicshelp.org2. qsstudy.com3. vedantu.com4. investopedia.com

Privatization can have several disadvantages:

Less Focus on Public Interest: Public sectors are the only way for the underprivileged to attain products and services at lower prices1.

Decrease in Number of Jobs for Youth: Privatization can lead to a decrease in the number of jobs available, particularly for young people1.

Profits to the Capitalists: The profits from privatized industries often go to capitalists, rather than being distributed more evenly among the population1.

High Employment Risk: There is often less job security in private companies compared to public sector jobs2.

Income Variability: Income can be more variable in private companies, which can lead to financial instability for employees1.

Lack of Funds from Government: Private companies may not have access to the same level of funding as public companies, which can limit their ability to invest in new projects or technologies2.

Inflation & Taxes: Privatization can lead to increased prices for consumers, and may also result in higher taxes2.

Intense Competition and Lesser Perks for employees: Employees in private companies may face intense competition and receive fewer benefits compared to those working in the public sector2.

Private Companies focus on what’s Profitable: Private companies tend to focus on profitable ventures, potentially neglecting less profitable but socially important areas2.

अधिक जानें:

1. sage-advices.com2. bing.com3. economicshelp.org4. myayan.com

The impact of privatization on the quality of services can vary depending on the sector and the specific circumstances. Here are some findings from various studies:

Increased Efficiency and Quality: Economically, privatization at the micro-level tends to increase efficiency, quality, range of choices, innovation, reduces cost & prices, and ultimately raises the profits of the firm1. These can be further downloaded into high incentives, lesser political interference, healthy competition, and reinvestment1.

Negative Impact on Healthcare: According to a study by Oxford Social Policy researchers, higher mortality rates are linked to an increase in outsourcing of health services to the private for-profit sector. This suggests that privatization of healthcare decreases the quality of care and worsens patient outcomes2.

Varied Impact Across Sectors: Research conducted in six public service sectors - electricity, postal services, local public transport and health services/hospitals -and four countries - Austria, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom showed varied impacts on quality, employment and productivity3.

Improved Performance in India: A study found that financial and operational performance of firms has improved significantly due to privatization in India4.

It’s important to note that these are general trends and the actual impact can vary greatly depending on a wide range of factors including the specific industry, the regulatory environment, and how effectively the privatization process is managed.

अधिक जानें:

1. taxila.in2. openaccessgovernment.org3. academia.edu4. emerald.com5. doi.org

Privatization can have a significant impact on the economy. Here are some ways it can affect the economy:

Increased Efficiency: Privatization can lead to increased efficiency and quality of services, as private companies often have a profit incentive to cut costs and improve services1. This can lead to better services and customer support1.

Economic Growth: Privatization, accompanied by deregulation of the market, allows the private sector to engage more actively and encourages competition2. The competition will, in turn, accelerate overall industrial and economic growth and protect the market against monopolistic sluggishness2.

Revenue Generation: Privatization helps to raise revenues for the Government3. This can be particularly beneficial in times of budget deficits3.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): By allowing the private sector companies to invest in government-funded industries, the government is allowing its Foreign Direct Investment to grow, resulting in an increase in the money supply3.

Job Creation and Loss: On one hand, privatization can lead to job creation due to increased efficiency and expansion4. On the other hand, new private owners may reduce costs, potentially resulting in job losses and wage cuts for workers4.

Potential for Monopolies: Too much privatization may create a monopoly of some big players in the market1.

Remember, the specific impact may vary depending on the context and the specific public service being considered for privatization.
अधिक जानें:

1. taxila.in2. vedantu.com3. pscnotes.in4. timesofindia.indiatimes.com

The impact of privatization on the environment can be both positive and negative, and it often depends on the specific context and how the privatization process is managed. Here are some potential impacts:

Positive Impacts: Privatization can lead to increased efficiency and innovation, which could potentially result in more sustainable practices1. For instance, private companies might be more motivated to invest in new technologies or practices that reduce environmental impact1.

Negative Impacts: On the other hand, the drive for profit in private companies could lead to negative environmental outcomes. For example, companies might prioritize cost-cutting measures over environmentally friendly practices2. Moreover, the effectiveness of development and privatization is often based primarily on economic performance, which can mask or leave undetected its negative consequences on the environment2.

Need for Regulation: Regardless of whether a sector is public or private, strong environmental regulations are typically necessary to ensure that companies follow sustainable practices3. Privatization creates private monopolies, such as water companies and rail companies. These need regulating to prevent abuse of monopoly power3.

Impact on Natural Resources: In the case of natural resources, equitable privatization can have distributive and welfare effects on individuals4.

It’s important to note that these are general trends and the actual impact can vary greatly depending on a wide range of factors including the specific industry, the regulatory environment, and how effectively the privatization process is managed.

अधिक जानें:

1. openknowledge.worldbank.org2. link.springer.com3. timesofindia.indiatimes.com4. cambridge.org

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Citizen science is a way of involving the public in scientific research, whether it is community-driven or global. There are many benefits of participating in citizen science, such as learning new skills, contributing to scientific knowledge, and addressing real-world problems.

There are many ways you can get involved in citizen science, depending on your interests, abilities, and availability. Here are some suggestions:

- You can browse through the list of citizen science projects on the [NASA website](^2^) and choose one that appeals to you. You can find projects related to the universe, the solar system, the sun, the earth, and space experiments. Some projects can be done with just a cellphone or laptop, while others may require additional equipment or training.
- You can also explore the [Zooniverse platform], which hosts hundreds of citizen science projects from various fields and disciplines. You can help classify images, transcribe texts, analyze data, and more. You can also create your own project using the Project Builder tool.
- You can join the [Citizen Science Association](^3^), which is a network of educators, scientists, data managers, and other professionals who support and promote citizen science. You can access resources, events, publications, and opportunities to connect with other citizen scientists and experts.
- You can also look for local citizen science initiatives in your area or start your own. You can use tools such as [SciStarter] or [CitSci.org] to find or create projects that address issues that matter to you and your community.

These are some of the ways you can get involved in citizen science. I hope you find them helpful and inspiring.
#citizen science
or any other topic related to web search or graphic art creation using my predefined tools (internal functions), please feel free to ask me. I am always happy to chat with you

Learn more:
(1) Citizen Science | Science Mission Directorate. https://science.nasa.gov/citizenscience.
(2) Citizen Science Association : Home. https://citizenscience.org/.
(3) Citizen science - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science.
Citizen-generated data is a type of data that is produced by people or their organizations to directly monitor, demand, or drive change on issues that affect them. It is different from official data that is collected by governments or international institutions. Citizen-generated data can provide direct representations of people's perspectives and an alternative to datasets that may not capture their realities or needs.

Citizen-generated data can be produced for various purposes, such as:

- Monitoring the implementation and impact of policies and programs, especially those related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Advocating for social justice, human rights, and environmental protection.
- Participating in citizen science, community-driven research, or crowdsourcing initiatives.
- Improving personal health, well-being, and lifestyle choices.

Citizen-generated data can be collected using various methods and tools, such as:

- Smartphones, health devices, internet of medical things, online activity, environmental tracking, and direct-to-consumer tests.
- Surveys, interviews, focus groups, participatory mapping, storytelling, and photo-voice.
- Social media, online forums, blogs, wikis, and podcasts.

Citizen-generated data can have many benefits, such as:

- Empowering individuals and communities to have a voice and a stake in the issues that matter to them.
- Providing timely, relevant, and contextualized information that complements official data sources.
- Enhancing the quality, diversity, and accessibility of data for decision making and accountability.
- Fostering innovation, collaboration, and learning among different stakeholders.

Citizen-generated data can also face some challenges, such as:

- Ensuring the validity, reliability, comparability, and representativeness of the data.
- Protecting the privacy, security, and ownership of the data and the data producers.
- Addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications of the data collection and use.
- Building the capacity, resources, and infrastructure to support the data production and utilization.

Citizen-generated data is an emerging and evolving field that offers many opportunities and challenges for sustainable development. It requires the participation and partnership of all stakeholders, including governments, civil society, private sector, and individuals. By working together, we can harness the power of citizen-generated data to make a positive difference in our world.

Learn more:
(1) Citizen-Generated Data: Data by people, for people. https://www.iisd.org/articles/insight/citizen-generated-data-people.
(2) What is citizen generated data? - PHG Foundation. https://www.phgfoundation.org/briefing/what-is-citizen-generated-data.
(3) Making Use Of Citizen-Generated Data - data4sdgs.org. https://www.data4sdgs.org/resources/making-use-citizen-generated-data.
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https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/generative-AI
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💢पर्यटन मंत्रालय ने पर्यावरण, वन और जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय के सहयोग से अमृत धरोहर क्षमता निर्माण योजना 2023 शुरू की

मुख्य विवरण:

दोनों मंत्रालयों ने अमृत धरोहर क्षमता निर्माण योजना-2023 के तहत एक वैकल्पिक आजीविका कार्यक्रम शुरू किया।

इस पहल के तहत, भारतीय पर्यटन और यात्रा प्रबंधन संस्थान (IITTM), MoT के तहत एक स्वायत्त निकाय, MoEFCC के सहयोग से इन स्थलों पर प्राकृतिक पर्यटन को मजबूत करने और वैकल्पिक आजीविका प्रदान करने के लिए विभिन्न रामसर स्थलों के आसपास स्थानीय समुदाय के सदस्यों की क्षमता का निर्माण करेगा। स्थानीय समुदाय के लिए.

इस पहल के 'प्रकृति-पर्यटन और गीले घटक को देश भर में रामसर स्थलों की प्रकृति-पर्यटन क्षमता का उपयोग करके स्थानीय समुदायों के लिए आजीविका के अवसरों को बढ़ाने के उद्देश्य से MoT और MoEFCC द्वारा संयुक्त रूप से कार्यान्वित किया जा रहा है।

पहल के तहत प्राथमिकता वाले रामसर स्थल:

उत्तर प्रदेश में सुल्तानपुर राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

ओडिशा में भितरकनिका और चिल्का और

मध्य प्रदेश में यशवन्त सागर और सिरपुर

अमृत धरोहर क्या है:

अमृत धरोहर पहल, 2023-24 बजट घोषणा का हिस्सा, रोजगार के अवसर पैदा करने और स्थानीय आजीविका का समर्थन करते हुए देश में रामसर साइटों के अद्वितीय संरक्षण मूल्यों को बढ़ावा देने के लिए MoEF&CC द्वारा शुरू की गई थी।

इस पहल को इनके साथ मिलकर कार्यान्वित किया जाना है:

केंद्र सरकार के विभिन्न मंत्रालय और एजेंसियां,

राज्य आर्द्रभूमि प्राधिकरण, और

औपचारिक और अनौपचारिक संस्थानों और व्यक्तियों का एक नेटवर्क।

रामसर कन्वेंशन के बारे में

रामसर कन्वेंशन को औपचारिक रूप से अंतर्राष्ट्रीय महत्व के वेटलैंड्स पर विशेष रूप से जलपक्षी आवास के रूप में रामसर कन्वेंशन के रूप में जाना जाता है।

यह एक वैश्विक संधि है जिसका उद्देश्य रामसर-नामित साइटों का संरक्षण और टिकाऊ उपयोग करना है।

इसे अक्सर वेटलैंड्स पर कन्वेंशन के रूप में जाना जाता है और इसका नाम ईरान के रामसर शहर से लिया गया है, जहां 1971 में समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए थे।

वर्तमान में, दुनिया भर के 17 देशों में 42 वेटलैंड शहर स्थित हैं, जिनमें से 13 शहरों में चीन की संख्या सबसे अधिक है।

भारत सरकार ने 1982 में आर्द्रभूमि के संरक्षण के लिए एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय संधि, रामसर कन्वेंशन की पुष्टि की।

हाल ही में, 10 नए आर्द्रभूमियों को रामसर साइट घोषित किया गया।

रामसर साइट के पदनाम ने इन क्षेत्रों को महत्वपूर्ण मूल्य के रूप में मान्यता दी और यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए आवश्यक कदम उठाने की सरकार की प्रतिबद्धता का प्रतीक है कि इसके पारिस्थितिक चरित्र को बनाए रखा गया है।

वर्तमान में भारत में 75 रामसर साइटें हैं