Through the story 'Thakur Ka Kuan', Premchand has described the social and economic condition of the untouchables who are living a life of contempt, insult and deprived of human rights due to the most disgusting tradition of caste system prevalent in our society, untouchability. 'Thakur Ka Kuan' is the real story of an untouchable girl longing for clean water.
पापान्निवारयति योजयते हिताय
- गुह्यं निगूहति गुणान् प्रकटीकरोति ।
आपद्गतं च न जहाति ददाति काले
- सन्मित्रलक्षणमिदं प्रवदन्ति सन्तः ॥
This sloka is a subhashitam on friendship
लभेत सिकतासु तैलमपि यत्नतः पीडयन्
पिबेच्च मृगतृष्णिकासु सलिलं पिपासार्दितः ।
कदाचिदपि पर्यटन् शशविषाणमासादयेत्
न तु प्रतिनिविष्टमूर्खजनचित्तमाराधयेत्
www.ijfmr.com 'Thakur ka Kuan' is irrelevant today but is a reality of earlier times. This is a matter of control of the strong over the weak which is natural. But inappropriate from the intellectual point of view.
शंकर भंडारी कहते हैं, ‘16वीं शताब्दी से ईसाई लोग नेपाल में आकर बस गए हैं। ये लोग फाइनेंशियली मजबूत हैं। उनका यहां अच्छा-खासा असर है। फिर भी नेपाली सनातनी बहुसंख्यक हैं, बुद्धिस्ट हैं, जो ओमकार के सिद्धांत पर चलते हैं। ओम शब्द हटाने के मुद्दे पर हम एकजुट हैं और किसी भी हालत में ये साजिश कामयाब नहीं होने देंगे।’
कुआ छोड़िए अब बताएं देश किसका
कुँआ खेत, खलिहान,बैल ही नहीं बल्कि 565 #रियासते, 43 #गढ़, 18700 #किले, 40 लाख एकड #जमीन देकर भारत देश बनाने वाला भी #राजपूत #ठाकुर ही है.....
खुल के मिलने का सलीक़ा आप को आता नहीं
और मेरे पास कोई चोर दरवाज़ा नहीं
🙏फटा-पुराना ख़्वाब है मेरा फिर भी 'ताबिश'
इस में अपना-आप छुपाया जा सकता है🙏
Even in the Rig Vedic period, gifts were presented to the Gopati (chief or warrior). The priests used to pray a lot for the welfare of Gopati. In return for which she used to get generous gifts. It also has an excessive description. In Rig Veda, Brahmin is mentioned 14 times and Kshatriya nine times. At that time, animal husbandry and hunting were the main things. The origin was animal husbandry. Iron is rarely used for hunting or war. Iron is not found in Punjab, Haryana or nearby areas?
There is evidence of only a little cultivation of 'Yav' i.e. barley. On occasions like Yajnadik, the chief also distributed gifts among the people. Then 'wealth' was livestock that was gifted or distributed. It appears that the Vedas were composed over several hundred years. Rig Veda also. In its last part the word Shudra appears for the first and last time. These people were farmers and soldiers, kings and priests and people working for their own livelihood. However, the kings were skilled in warfare and courageous and the priests were adept in persuading the gods.
The key religious texts during the later Vedic period include:
Sama-Veda: This text is mainly composed of hymns, many of which are taken from the Rigveda1.
Yajur-Veda: This text contains prose mantras and verses used in rituals1.
Atharva-Veda: This text is a collection of spells, charms, and incantations1.
Brahmanas: These are prose texts that explain the hymns in the Vedas and provide instructions for the rituals1.
Aranyakas: These texts serve as a link between the ritualistic Brahmanas and the philosophical Upanishads1.
Upanishads: These are philosophical texts that explore concepts such as Brahman (the ultimate reality) and Atman (the individual soul)1.
These texts played a significant role in shaping the religious and philosophical thought during the later Vedic period.
अधिक जानें:
When agriculture started in the later Vedic period, settlements started coming up. Then the king and the priests gradually established the concept of 'tax'. In later times, the practice of exchanging coins for resources and money became properly regulated. Till then it was a 'tax' to be tolerated for the sake of protection.
During the later Vedic period, the religious landscape was dominated by what is now known as Hinduism1. The earlier divinities like Indra and Agni were relegated into the background while Prajapati (creator of the Universe, later known as Brahma), Vishnu (Patron god of Aryans) and Rudra (God of animals, later identified with Shiva/Mahesha) rose in prominence2.
The society was divided into 4 Varnas: Brahmanas (priests), Kshatriyas (rulers), Vaishyas (agriculturists, traders, and artisans), and Shudras (servers of the upper three classes)3. The Brahmanas’ influence was strengthened by the rapidly developing cult of sacrifices3.
Concepts such as Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha became key responsibilities for individuals3. The concept of Chaturashrama divided a person’s life into four segments or ‘ashramas’, each with its own set of responsibilities based on age3.
In summary, the later Vedic period witnessed a cultural flowering and the development of Hinduism as we know it today1.
अधिक जानें:
Agriculture had a significant impact on society during the later Vedic period. Here are some key points:
Transition to Settled Lifestyle: The later Vedic period saw a shift from semi-nomadic lifestyle to a more settled existence1. As agriculture became more important, families began settling into permanent habitation1.
Change in Economic Structure: Agriculture, along with animal husbandry, became the backbone of the economy2. The beginning of urbanization led to an increase in trade and commerce2.
Introduction of New Crops: In addition to the traditional staple crops of wheat and barley, rice is mentioned for the first time, beginning its slow spread into India1.
Development of Arts and Crafts: The later Vedic period saw the rise of diverse arts and crafts, likely influenced by the stability provided by agricultural society3.
Population Growth: There was a continuous increase in population during the later Vedic period due to the expansion of the economy based on agriculture4.
Concept of Taxation: As settlements grew and societal structures became more complex, the concept of ‘tax’ was gradually established5.
In summary, agriculture played a pivotal role in shaping the socio-economic structure of society during the later Vedic period.
अधिक जानें:
Trade and commerce during the later Vedic period developed significantly due to several factors:
Agricultural Surplus: The expansion of agricultural surplus paved the way for the growth of crafts and trade1. As agricultural production increased, so did trade1.
Development of Crafts: The transition into an agricultural economy led to an expansion of crafts and trades2. Some of these crafts were linked to existing technologies, such as weaving, jewelry making, or pottery, while others were linked to the expanding metals industries2.
Urbanization: The beginning of urbanization led to an increase in trade and commerce3. The Vedic Aryans now ruled over a much larger area than before, resulting in wider markets1.
Barter System: In the early part of the Vedic period, there was little scope for an exchange of commodities due to economic self-sufficiency4. However, as society became more complex, there arose a scope for interchange of commodities between different local areas4. Barter of goods, and later on, regular purchase and sale were introduced4.
Merchant Class: There is mention of merchants even in the Rigveda4. An Atharva Vedic hymn shows that the early merchant was an adventurous wanderer, who moved from place to place, risking not only his goods but his life for the sake of gain4.
In summary, the development of trade and commerce during the later Vedic period was a result of societal changes, agricultural surplus, urbanization, and the emergence of a merchant class.
अधिक जानें:
The specific trade routes during the later Vedic period are not explicitly mentioned in the historical texts. However, it is known that trade and commerce were regulated and managed by a group of people called “Pani”1. The chief means of transport by land were rathas (chariots) and wagons drawn by horses and oxen1. Rivers also served as an important means of transport1.
As for the trade centers, Kosambhi, Hastinapur, Kashi, and Videha were regarded as renowned trade centers2. These centers likely served as important nodes in the trade network of the time.
It’s important to note that our understanding of the trade routes during this period is limited due to the lack of detailed historical records. Archaeological evidence provides some insight, but much about the specifics of trade during the later Vedic period remains unknown.
अधिक जानें:
Rivers played a crucial role in facilitating trade in ancient India. Here are some ways how they contributed:
Transportation: Rivers provided an easy and efficient way to transport people and goods1. Boats on the river were used for this purpose1.
Trade Routes: Rivers served as natural trade routes, connecting different regions of the country2. They enabled the movement of goods from one place to another3.
Irrigation: Rivers also facilitated agriculture by providing water for irrigation3. The agricultural surplus could then be traded.
Urbanization: The areas around rivers often developed into major urban centers, which became hubs for trade and commerce4.
Cultural Exchange: Rivers not only facilitated the exchange of goods but also ideas, including language, writing, and technology3.
In summary, rivers were vital to the economic and cultural development of ancient India, serving as lifelines for trade, transportation, and communication.
अधिक जानें:
Several factors influenced trade in ancient India:
Geographical Location: India’s strategic location between the East and the West made it an important hub for trade1.
River Systems: The extensive river systems in India facilitated trade and commerce2. Rivers served as natural highways for the movement of goods2.
Domestication of Animals: The domestication of camels around 1000 BC helped encourage trade routes over land, called caravans, and linked India with the Mediterranean2.
Quality of Goods: Goods manufactured in India were known for their excellence as the goods produced in India were unique and were not available in any other part of the world3.
Entrepreneurship: The Hindu mercantile community was known for their entrepreneurship, enterprising nature, resilience, and trustworthiness3.
Development of Ports: The development of ports on the coasts facilitated maritime trade4.
Political Stability: Periods of political stability and peace also encouraged trade as it ensured safety for merchants and goods1.
These factors collectively contributed to the flourishing trade in ancient India.
अधिक जानें:
Religion played a significant role in influencing trade in ancient India. Here are some ways how it contributed:
Pilgrimage Routes: Trade routes often doubled as pilgrimage routes1. Ships carried not only merchants and products, but also religious objects and individuals traveling for religious reasons1.
Cultural Exchange: Trade enhanced cultural interaction, resulting in the spread of ideas and cultural practices, notably in the fields of language, religion, and art2. This cultural exchange often took the form of ‘osmosis’, with an organized culture founded on Indian royalty, Brahmanism and Buddhist religions, religious texts in Sanskrit, and art and temple architecture connected to Hindu-Buddhist culture and beliefs spreading to other regions3.
Indianisation: The trade and subsequent cultural contact between the Indian subcontinent and South Asian countries led to a phenomenon referred to as “Indianisation“ or the “Indianised States of Southeast Asia”3. This influence spread via the expansion of an organized culture founded on Indian royalty, Brahmanism and Buddhist religions, religious texts in Sanskrit, and art and temple architecture connected to Hindu-Buddhist culture and beliefs3.
In summary, religion was a major factor that influenced trade in ancient India by promoting cultural exchange and facilitating the spread of religious practices along trade routes.
अधिक जानें:
💥Deeper version Of democracy
No comments:
Post a Comment